Electrical stimulation of subcortical structures such as the basal ganglia, primarily applied in movement and psychiatric disorders.

Non-invasive magnetic pulses modulate cortical excitability to study or treat neural circuits related to cognition and mood.

Applies weak electrical currents across the scalp to facilitate or inhibit neuronal firing thresholds.

Targets the vagus nerve to influence parasympathetic pathways involved in depression, epilepsy, and inflammation.

Employs light-sensitive ion channels genetically inserted into neurons to achieve precise temporal control of activity.

Adaptive stimulation systems that respond in real time to ongoing neural signals for personalized modulation.

Delivers electrical pulses to the dorsal columns to reduce chronic pain and modulate sensory pathways.

Applies stimulation to specific peripheral nerves to regulate autonomic or motor functions.

Uses engineered receptors activated by designer drugs to control neuronal excitability with pharmacological precision.

Real-time monitoring and feedback of neural activity, enabling individuals to self-regulate cognitive or emotional states.